Articles written by Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The privatization of the Tole Tea Estate has created plaguing poverty for the entire population. Strikes are the only means of calling attention.

Sep 20, 2011 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

UN Resolution 1973 authorized a no-fly zone over Libya and an arms embargo. How have these clauses been respected by the contesting forces in Libya?

Sep 5, 2011 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

How does the unrest in North Africa explain the grand agenda of great powers in Africa? Why did the West abandon its friends in North Africa at this point?

Sep 4, 2011 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

China's responses to the recent revolutions in North Africa have brought the "Look East Policy" under serious scrutiny. What is the future of this policy?

Sep 3, 2011 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Despite other distractions, Darfur remains in the spotlight as a case study in state brutality that characterises contemporary African politics.

Aug 31, 2011 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Sudan's ceaseless conflicts have been interpreted from many different angles. The best possible explanation, however, is that country's colonial history.

Jun 27, 2011 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Several decades after independence, France's presence is still heavily felt in postcolonial Africa.

Mar 5, 2011 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Europe's sphere of influence in Africa began with the scramble for Africa and was confirmed by the Berlin Act which recognised the partition of Africa

Feb 19, 2011 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Though the "Wind of Change" speech is remembered as the announcement of the end of colonialism, a closer examination shows that it was a racial piece

Feb 4, 2011 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

While the ANC championed the struggle against apartheid within South Africa, the Frontline States provided the greatest external challenge to Pretoria

Jan 29, 2011 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Though Russia and China appeared united against the West during the Cold War, they were bitterly divided among on the right approach to Communism.

Jan 22, 2011 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The Tanzania - Zambia Railway remains one of the most symbolic landmarks of Chinese infrastructural developmental projects in post Cold War Africa

Jan 8, 2011 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The scramble for African land from colonial times to the age of globalization has had tremendously negative consequences for African development.

Dec 28, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The post-election violence in Ivory Coast has provoked spontaneous responses across the globe, condemning the incumbent president Laurent Gbagbo

Dec 26, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Africa became an important part of U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War especially with the decline of European influence in the continent

Dec 25, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The birth of the Organization of African Unity marked a revolution in African politics. It was pan-Africanism brought home from the diaspora.

Dec 18, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The end of colonialism saw the rise of an African bourgeoisie which became the main point of connection between capitalism and the rest of the continent

Dec 4, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Before the chaotic land reforms in Zimbabwe, President Robert Mugabe enjoyed excellent relations with the west despite the bitter anti-colonial war

Nov 20, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The dawn of the 21st century saw a revolution in African diplomacy known as the "Look east" policy in favor of relations with China.

Nov 6, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

German Tanganyika and British Rhodesia are important case studies in the involvement of spirit mediums in the liberation struggles all over colonial Africa.

Nov 6, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Missionary activities in Africa provided a fertile ground for conflict between christianity and traditional African religions.

Oct 27, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Racism and colonialism were symmetrically related in Africa under white rule. Both drew a line between the "superior" white man and the "inferior" black man

Jun 1, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Aristotle's ethno-centric theory and the theory of motion were important influences on the teachings of the Church in the Middle Ages and after.

Jun 1, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Despite his soaring legacy, Kwame Nkrumah has been blamed for initiating the tradition of dictatorship and coups in post colonial Africa.

May 26, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The African Union, European Union, US and China are among the major stake-holders that have responded to Al-Bashir's victory after Sudan's recent elections

May 18, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Religion was among the main targets of attack by Enlightenment thinkers. Many philosophers, however, struggled to reconcile science with God in the Age of Reason

Feb 19, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The philosophers of the Enlightenment were highly divided over the situation of women. Some favoured emancipation while others opposed it on grounds of female inferiority

Feb 19, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The end of the Cuban missile crisis saw an increase in dialogue between America and Russia. For Castro, it was the beginning of his crusade against American imperialism

Feb 10, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The Cuban Missile crisis was the closest the world had ever come to nuclear war. It marked the height of the Cold War which erupted after the Second World War.

Feb 10, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The Cold War was a continuation of alien influence in Africa which began during colonialism. Both were manifested in neo-colonialism with the complicity of some Africans

Feb 8, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The scramble for Africa has gone through many phases. It began with colonialism, moved through the cold war and is presently at the stage of Chinese domination of Africa.

Feb 4, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Former Zairian leader Mobutu Sesse Seko conceived a doctrine called mobutuism with which he cemented his grip on power. Its principal aim was to keep opposition at bay.

Feb 3, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Mobotu Sese seko rose to prominence amidst chaos and instability during the final days of Belgian rule in the Congo. He led a reign of terror until his demise in 1997.

Feb 1, 2010 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

While Charles Darwin made a significant breakthrough in science, some of his followers - Social Darwinists, used his theory to justify conflicts and exploitation of man.

Nov 21, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Leading authors have defined biography differently. They have also stressed the need for biographies to be critical. This explains the uniqueness of critical biographies.

Nov 21, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Because of its importance, biography has evolved from ancient times through the middle Ages to the Renaissance, with each period having very unique characteristics.

Nov 20, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Biographies have significantly influenced the writing of history since ancient times. There are also different types and characteristics of biographies.

Nov 20, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The war of liberation or Chimurenga and Britain's search for majority rule were the two main conflicting forces shaping the history of Rhodesia from 1965 to 1980.

Nov 7, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The Commonwealth and Frontline States were two important groups of countries which exerted great influence on the course of Zimbabwe's struggle for independence.

Oct 17, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Britain constituted an obstacle to UN arbitration in Rhodesia during the liberation struggle. It became clear to Africans that independence was their responsibility.

Oct 16, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Zimbabwe's liberation struggle and the attainment of independence owed greatly to many external players. Among them were the OAU and its liberation Committee.

Oct 16, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

As African nationalists intensified their guerrilla campaigns against the white minority government of Ian Smith, John Vorster also increased his support for Smith.

Oct 5, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

The path to African development is the subject of debate between the Internalist and Externalist schools of development. Colonialism is the beginning of this debate.

Oct 4, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

From the Beijing Olympic Games to the global downturn, times have been hard for Africans in China. The recent protests in Guangzhou exposed the depth of these grievances.

Sep 19, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

After years of intense hostility, Mugabe and the EU have met to reconcile their differences. What are the reasons and significance of this EU-Zimbabwe rapprochement?

Sep 14, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Writer Alex Thomson argues that "Ethnicity may often be the agent of political mobilization but it is rarely the primary cause of conflicts."

Sep 10, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

As stated by historian John Middleton, "it was during colonialism that the ethnic categories which designate different human groups gained quasi definitive rigidity".

Sep 9, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

President Obama's first visit to sub-Saharan Africa was to Ghana not his native Kenya. What was the reason for this choice and what did Kenya make of this?

Jul 26, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

President Thabo Mbeki's "Silent Diplomacy" towards Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe cost him greatly in terms of his international reputation and his power.

Jul 19, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale

Martin Bashir's interiview with Michael Jackson has become another source of controversy especially after the death of the pop star. What is the source of this new saga?

Jul 15, 2009 - Tongkeh Joseph Fowale